The recently passed legislation allows active-duty officers to hold key civilian positions, raising fears of a return to military dominance in politics.
Indonesia has passed a controversial amendment to its National Armed Forces (TNI) law, significantly expanding the military’s involvement in civilian governance. Critics argue that the revised law, passed on March 20, undermines democratic principles and revives concerns over authoritarianism, reminiscent of the regime under former President Suharto.
Under the 2004 TNI law, military officers can now take on high-ranking civilian roles without having to retire, a departure from the previous rule which limited military appointments to specific defence-related institutions. The scope of eligible positions has expanded from 10 to 14, now including the Attorney-General’s Office and the National Counter-terrorism Agency, among others.
The changes also extend the retirement age for military personnel, allowing lower-ranking officers to serve until 58 and higher-ranking officials up to 60, with a possibility of extending service for top generals. The revisions were swiftly passed by the House of Representatives, whose members largely support President Prabowo Subianto.
This shift revives memories of the “dwifungsi” (dual-function) doctrine, which allowed military officers to control key aspects of government during Suharto’s New Order era, a practice abolished in the post-1998 reforms. The passing of this law has sparked widespread protests, particularly from students and human rights activists, who argue that it risks the return of military dominance in political affairs.
Protests erupted in Jakarta and other cities, where demonstrators rallied against the legislation. Student groups voiced concerns over the potential erosion of democracy, while human rights experts, including Andreas Harsono from Human Rights Watch, expressed alarm over the implications for civilian supremacy and accountability.
The law’s swift passage has raised questions about the transparency of the process. Critics argue that the government rushed the deliberations, with closed-door meetings held in luxury hotels just days before the vote. Analysts warn that the military’s increasing role in civilian sectors could stifle opportunities for civilians and create governance conflicts due to the military’s strict chain of command, which contrasts with the open discussions typical of civilian bureaucracy.
Despite the controversial nature of the bill, public support for the military in Indonesia remains high, though this reputation was built on the post-1998 reforms that separated the military from political and business affairs. However, President Prabowo, a former general, has already made controversial appointments, including active-duty officers in civilian roles, further raising concerns about the military’s influence.
The law’s passage has sparked a broader debate about the role of the military in governance and its impact on Indonesia’s democracy, with a growing number of civil society organisations and former political leaders calling for greater scrutiny and opposition to the changes.
In defence of the amendment, Defence Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin argued that it was necessary due to global military challenges, emphasising that Indonesia’s sovereignty would be preserved. Nonetheless, many remain wary about the potential implications for the country’s democratic future.
